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Get A Large Static Flag | Bangladesh |
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Introduction | Bangladesh |
Background:
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Bangladesh came into existence in 1971 when Bengali East Pakistan seceded from its union with West Pakistan. About a third of this extremely poor country floods annually during monsoon rainy season, hampering economic development. |
Geography | Bangladesh |
Location:
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Southern Asia, bordering Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India |
Geographic coordinates:
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24 00 N, 90 00 E |
Map references:
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Asia |
Area:
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total: 144,000 sq km
land: 133,910 sq km water: 10,090 sq km |
Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Iowa |
Land boundaries:
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total: 4,246 km
border countries: Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km |
Coastline:
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580 km |
Maritime claims:
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contiguous zone: 18 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM continental shelf: up to outer limits of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 NM |
Climate:
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tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October) |
Terrain:
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mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast |
Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Keokradong 1,230 m |
Natural resources:
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natural gas, arable land, timber, coal |
Land use:
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arable land: 60.7%
permanent crops: 2.61% other: 36.69% (1998 est.) |
Irrigated land:
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38,440 sq km (1998 est.) |
Natural hazards:
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droughts, cyclones; much of country routinely inundated during summer monsoon season |
Environment - current issues:
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many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in northern and central parts of country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe overpopulation |
Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of selected agreements |
Geography - note:
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most of country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from Himalayas: Ganges unites with Jamuna (main channel of Brahmaputra) and later joins Meghna to eventually empty into Bay of Bengal |
People | Bangladesh |
Total Population:
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138,448,210 (July 2003 est.) |
Age structure:
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0-14 years: 34.1% (male 24,255,300; female 23,007,632)
15-64 years: 62.5% (male 44,261,739; female 42,281,331) 65 years and over: 3.4% (male 2,506,606; female 2,135,602) (2003 est.) |
Median age:
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total: 21.2 years
male: 21.2 years female: 21.1 years (2002) |
Population growth rate:
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2.06% (2003 est.) |
Birth rate:
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29.9 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
Death rate:
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8.63 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
Net migration rate:
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-0.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.17 male(s)/female Population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2003 est.) |
Infant mortality rate:
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total: 66.08 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 64.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 67.21 deaths/1,000 live births |
Life Expectancy:
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Population: 61.33 years
male: 61.46 years female: 61.2 years (2003 est.) |
Total fertility rate:
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3.17 children born/woman (2003 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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less than 0.1% (2001 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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13,000 (2001 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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650 (2001 est.) |
Nationality:
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noun: Bangladeshi(s)
adjective: Bangladeshi |
Ethnic groups:
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Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998) |
Religions:
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Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, other 1% (1998) |
Languages:
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Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English |
Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Population: 43.1% male: 53.9% female: 31.8% (2003 est.) |
Government | Bangladesh |
Country name:
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conventional long form: People's Republic of Bangladesh
conventional short form: Bangladesh former: East Pakistan |
Government type:
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parliamentary democracy |
Capital:
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Dhaka |
Administrative divisions:
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5 divisions; Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi; note - there may be one additional division named Sylhet |
Independence:
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16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan); note - 26 March 1971 is date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is known as Victory Day and commemorates official creation of state of Bangladesh |
National holiday:
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Independence Day, 26 March (1971); note - 26 March 1971 is date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is Victory Day and commemorates official creation of state of Bangladesh |
Constitution:
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4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended many times |
Legal system:
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based on English common law |
Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal |
Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Iajuddin AHMED (since 6 September 2002); note - president's duties are normally ceremonial, but with 13th amendment to constitution ("Caretaker Government Amendment"), president's role becomes significant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker government is installed - at presidential direction - to supervise elections
head of government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA (since 10 October 2001) cabinet: Cabinet selected by prime minister and appointed by president elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year term; election scheduled for 16 September 2002 previously not held since Iajuddin AHMED previously only presidential candidate; he previously sworn in on 6 September 2002 (next election to be held by NA 2007); following legislative elections, leader of party that wins most seats is usually appointed prime minister by president election results: Iajuddin AHMED declared by Election Commission elected unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote - NA% |
Legislative branch:
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unicameral National Parliament or Jatiya Sangsad; 300 seats elected by popular vote from single territorial constituencies (the constitutional amendment reserving 30 seats for women over and above 300 regular parliament seats expired in May 2001); members serve five-year terms
elections: last held 1 October 2001 (next to be held before October 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - BNP and alliance partners 46%, AL 42%; seats by party - BNP 191, AL 62, JI 18, JP (Ershad faction) 14, IOJ 2, JP (Naziur) 4, other 9; note - election of October 2001 brought a majority BNP government aligned with three other smaller parties - Jamaat-i-Islami, Islami Oikya Jote, and Jatiya Party (Naziur) |
Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court (the chief justices and other judges are appointed by president) |
Political parties and leaders:
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Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP [Khaleda ZIA, chairperson]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Mufti Fazlul Haq AMINI]; Jamaat-E-Islami or JI [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI]; Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]; Jatiya Party (Manzur faction) [Naziur Rahman MANZUR] |
Political pressure groups and leaders:
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NA |
International organization participation:
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AsDB, C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, SAARC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMISET, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UNU, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
Diplomatic representation in US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Syed Hasan AHMAD
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York FAX: [1] (202) 244-5366 telephone: [1] (202) 244-0183 chancery: 3510 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 |
Diplomatic representation from US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Ann PETERS
embassy: Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka 1212 mailing address: G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1000 telephone: [880] (2) 8824700 through 8824722 FAX: [880] (2) 8823744 |
Flag description:
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green with a large red disk slightly to hoist side of center; red sun of freedom represents blood shed to achieve independence; green field symbolizes lush countryside, and secondarily, traditional color of Islam |
Economy | Bangladesh |
Economy - overview:
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Despite sustained domestic and international efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a poor, overpopulated, and ill-governed nation. Although half of GDP is generated through service sector, nearly two-thirds of Bangladeshis are employed in agriculture sector, with rice as single-most-important product. Major impediments to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, inefficient state-owned enterprises, inadequate port facilities, a rapidly growing labor force that cannot be absorbed by agriculture, delays in exploiting energy resources (natural gas), insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms. Economic reform is stalled in many instances by political infighting and corruption at all levels of government. Progress also has been blocked by opposition from bureaucracy, public sector unions, and other vested interest groups. BNP government, led by Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA, has parliamentary strength to push through needed reforms, but party's political will to do so has been lacking in key areas. |
GDP:
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buying power parity - $238.2 billion (2002 est.) |
GDP - real growth rate:
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4.8% (2002 est.) |
GDP - per capita:
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buying power parity - $1,800 (2002 est.) |
GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 35%
industry: 19% services: 46% (2001 est.) |
Population below poverty line:
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35.6% (FY 95/96 est.) |
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 3.9%
highest 10%: 28.6% (1995-96 est.) |
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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33.6 (FY 95/96) |
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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3.1% (2002 est.) |
Labor force:
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64.1 million
note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances estimated at $1.71 billion in 1998-99 (1998) |
Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 63%, services 26%, industry 11% (FY 95/96) |
Unemployment rate:
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40% (includes underemployment) (2002 est.) |
Budget:
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revenues: $4.9 billion
expenditures: $6.8 billion, includes capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00 est.) |
Industries:
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cotton textiles, jute, garments, tea processing, paper newsprint, cement, chemical fertilizer, light engineering, sugar |
Industrial production growth rate:
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1.8% (2002 est.) |
Electricity - production:
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15.33 billion kWh (2001) |
Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 93.7%
hydro: 6.3% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 0% |
Electricity - consumption:
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14.25 billion kWh (2001) |
Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2001) |
Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2001) |
Oil - production:
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3,581 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
Oil - consumption:
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71,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
Oil - exports:
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NA (2001) |
Oil - imports:
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NA (2001) |
Oil - proved reserves:
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28.45 million bbl (37257) |
Natural gas - production:
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9.9 billion cu m (2001 est.) |
Natural gas - consumption:
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9.9 billion cu m (2001 est.) |
Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2001 est.) |
Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2001 est.) |
Natural gas - proved reserves:
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150.3 billion cu m (37257) |
Agriculture - products:
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rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses, oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef, milk, poultry |
Exports:
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$6.2 billion (2002) |
Exports - commodities:
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garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and seafood (2001) |
Exports - partners:
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US 27.6%, Germany 10.4%, UK 9.8%, France 5.7%, Italy 4% (2002) |
Imports:
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$8.5 billion (2002) |
Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement (2000) |
Imports - partners:
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India 14.6%, China 11.6%, Singapore 11.5%, Japan 7.6%, Hong Kong 5.4%, South Korea 4.3% (2002) |
Debt - external:
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$16.5 billion (2002) |
Economic aid - recipient:
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$1.575 billion (2000 est.) |
Currency:
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taka (BDT) |
Currency code:
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BDT |
Exchange rates:
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taka per US dollar - 57.89 (2002), 55.81 (2001), 52.14 (2000), 49.09 (1999), 46.91 (1998) |
Fiscal year:
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1 July - 30 June |
Communications | Bangladesh |
Telephones - main lines in use:
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500,000 (2000) |
Telephones - mobile cellular:
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283,000 (2000) |
Telephone system:
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general assessment: totally inadequate for a modern country
domestic: modernizing; introducing digital systems; trunk systems include VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some fiber-optic cable in cities international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); international radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring countries (2000) |
Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 12, FM 12, shortwave 2 (1999) |
Radios:
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6.15 million (1997) |
Television broadcast stations:
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15 (1999) |
Televisions:
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770,000 (1997) |
Internet country code:
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.bd |
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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10 (2000) |
Internet users:
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150,000 (2002) |
Transportation | Bangladesh |
Railways:
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total: 2,706 km
broad gauge: 884 km 1.676-m gauge narrow gauge: 1,822 km 1.000-m gauge (2002) |
Highways:
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total: 207,486 km
paved: 19,773 km unpaved: 187,713 km (1999) |
Waterways:
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up to 8,046 km depending on season
note: includes 3,058 km main cargo routes |
Pipelines:
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gas 2,016 km (2003) |
Ports and harbors:
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Chittagong, Dhaka, Mongla Port, Narayanganj |
Merchant marine:
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total: 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 314,437 GRT/436,465 DWT
ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 23, container 11, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 1 (2002 est.) |
Airports:
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18 (2002) |
Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 15
over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 6 (2002) |
Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 under 914 m: 2 (2002) |
Military | Bangladesh |
Military branches:
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Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, paramilitary forces (includes Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh Ansars, Village Defense Parties, Armed Police Battalions, National Cadet Corps) |
Military manpower - availability:
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males age 15-49: 38,436,912 (2003 est.) |
Military manpower - fit for military service:
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males age 15-49: 22,807,339 (2003 est.) |
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$559 million (FY96) |
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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1.8% (FY96) |
Transnational Issues | Bangladesh |
Disputes - international:
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discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a limited section of river boundary, demarcate and fence porous land boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border trade and violence; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of porous boundary; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty Island in Bay of Bengal prevents maritime boundary delimitation; Burmese Muslim refugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources |
Illicit drugs:
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transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries |